총칙 General Provisions

§5 미성년자의 법률행위

Module: Deontic.Civil.Persons

미성년자가 법률행위를 함에는 법정대리인의 동의를 얻어야 한다. 그러나 권리만을 얻거나 의무만을 면하는 행위는 그러하지 아니하다.

Layer stack: '[Proviso, Base]

-- Base (§5① 본문): consent required
instance Adjudicate MinorAct '[Base] where
  adjudicate act facts
    | HasConsent ... `Set.member` facts = JBase Valid ...
    | otherwise                        = JBase Voidable ...

-- Proviso (§5① 단서): rights-only acts exempt
instance Adjudicate MinorAct rest
      => Adjudicate MinorAct (Proviso ': rest) where
  adjudicate act facts
    | MerelyAcquiresRight `Set.member` facts =
        JOverride (adjudicate @_ @rest act facts) Valid ...
    | otherwise =
        JDelegate (adjudicate @_ @rest act facts)

This is the simplest defeasibility pattern: a base rule with a single proviso that can override it.

§103-110 법률행위

Module: Deontic.Civil.Acts

A 3-layer stack handles multiple grounds of invalidity:

Layer stack: '[SpecialRule, Proviso, Base]

Layer	Articles	Logic
Base	§103-104	ContraBonorsMores or ExploitativeAct → Void
Proviso	§107-108	HiddenIntention + CounterpartyKnew → Void; BonaFideThirdParty protects
SpecialRule	§109-110	Mistake → Voidable (unless GrossNegligence); Fraud → Voidable

The same JuristicAct type handles §103, §104, and §107 through the CivilFact set. Separate act types (ShamAct, MistakeAct, FraudAct) model §108, §109, and §110 with their own stacks.

§108 통정허위표시

Act type: ShamAct — Layers: '[Proviso, Base]

• Base: sham → Void (between parties)
• Proviso: BonaFideThirdParty → Valid (third party protected)

§109 착오

Act type: MistakeAct — Layers: '[Proviso, Base]

• Base: mistake → Voidable
• Proviso: GrossNegligence → Valid (no rescission if grossly negligent)

§110 사기·강박

Act type: FraudAct — Layers: '[Proviso, Base]

• Base: fraud → Voidable
• Proviso: ThirdPartyFraud without CounterpartyKnewFraud → Valid

§114-132 대리

Module: Deontic.Civil.Agency

§114, §118 유권대리

Act type: AuthAgencyAct — Layers: '[Proviso, Base]

• Base: authorized agency → Valid
• Proviso: SelfDealing → Voidable (§118 자기계약 금지)

§125-132 무권대리

Act type: UnauthAgencyAct — Layers: '[ApparentAuth, Ratification, Base]

This is the most complex layer stack in 총칙:

Layer	Article	Logic
Base	§130	No authority → Pending (awaiting ratification)
Ratification	§132	Ratified ∈ facts → override to Valid
ApparentAuth	§125-129	IndicatedAuthority/ExceededScope/AuthorityExpired → override to Valid

The 3-layer stack means: first check apparent authority (§125-129), then check ratification (§132), then apply the base rule (§130). If apparent authority exists, it overrides everything below. If not, check ratification. If neither, the act remains Pending.

§146 취소의 제척기간

Module: Deontic.Civil.Rescission

취소권은 추인할 수 있는 날로부터 3년 내에, 법률행위가 있은 날로부터 10년 내에 행사하여야 한다.

Act type: RescissionAct — Layers: '[Base]

data RescissionFacts = RescissionFacts
  { rfKnowledgeDate :: Day  -- 취소원인을 안 날
  , rfActDate       :: Day  -- 법률행위가 있은 날
  , rfCurrentDate   :: Day  -- 판단 시점
  }

A single-layer temporal check with two conditions:

1. addGregorianYearsClip 10 rfActDate <= rfCurrentDate → Void (10년 절대적 제척기간)
2. addGregorianYearsClip 3 rfKnowledgeDate <= rfCurrentDate → Void (3년 상대적 제척기간)
3. Otherwise → Valid (취소권 존속)

Uses Data.Time.Day with addGregorianYearsClip for proper §157 calendar year computation.